Fertilizer Analisis of Deep Pit Beef Cattle
AY-277
Soils
Purdue University
Cooperative Extension Service
West Lafayette, IN 47907
Computing Manure and Manure Nutrient Awarding Rates
Brad C. Joern and Sarah Fifty. Brichford
Section of Agronomy, Purdue University
Did you know that livestock excrete seventy-80 percent of the nitrogen, 60-85 percent of the phosphorus, and 80-90 percent of the potassium fed to them? For example, if you feed 100 acres of corn to your livestock and collect all of the manure, in that location may be enough phosphorus and potassium to fertilize 75 acres (depending on your soil test phosphorus and potassium levels). Although the availability of manure nitrogen depends on several uncontrollable factors, the availability of manure phosphorus and potassium do not. Most of the fertilizer value of manure comes from phosphorus and potassium, non nitrogen. This bulletin volition aid you lot begin to manage manure as a crop nutrient resources, not a waste material product.
The start step in treating beast manure as a crop fertilizer is to determine its nutrient content. Once the manure nutrient content has been established, you tin calculate the proper awarding rate based on your management objectives, crop yield potential, and soil test values for the field(s) that volition receive manure.
Determining Manure Nutrient Content
A spreader load of manure with an unknown nutrient content is similar an unmarked bag or sprayer tank of fertilizer. You must first determine the nutrient content before the proper awarding charge per unit can be calculated. Dissimilar inorganic fertilizer, manure is not a uniform product. This makes obtaining a representative manure sample very important.
Collecting a manure sample
Taking a manure sample at the time of spreading increases your chances of obtaining a representative sample. Collect samples while the storage pit is being mixed. Accept samples from several spreader loads while emptying the pit and mix them together to grade one blended sample. Practice non enter a pit to collect the manure sample. Dangerous gases are present near the pit surface.
If the pit is not mixed prior to loading the spreader, consider collecting separate composite samples while the pit is being emptied. Record the depth (top third, middle third, bottom third, etc.) where the samples were taken for futurity reference. In pits that are not mixed, manure solids, which contain most of the phosphorus, tend to settle to the bottom.
For solid manure (daily scrape and haul, manure stack, etc.) accept samples from several spreader loads and combine to form 1 composite sample for analysis. If you apply manure throughout the year, you may want to accept samples several times during the yr to see if the manure nutrient content changes.
To prepare a manure sample for aircraft, make full a plastic container (approximately ane quart) ii/iii full with manure, squeeze out the air in the upper third of the container (to permit for gas expansion), and seal tightly for aircraft. Ship samples early on in the calendar week to avoid having them sit over the weekend. Freezing or refrigerating the samples prior to shipping helps preserve the samples during ship. Do non place manure samples in glass containers. Gas expansion creates pressure that tin cause glass containers to explode. Many laboratories supply containers and/or detailed instructions on how to gear up and transport samples. Contact the laboratory for further data.
Obtaining a food analysis
As a minimum, have manure analyzed for percent solids, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen (NHfour +-N), phosphate (P2O5) and potash (G2O). Once a baseline of manure nutrient data has been established, you probably only need to transport in 1 or two samples per year. Have additional samples analyzed if y'all make significant changes in livestock feeding, watering, or housing.
With this sampling method y'all may be done spreading before yous receive the laboratory manure nutrient analysis report. You tin can however credit the nutrients in manure applied after you go the exam results if yous know the manure application rate.
Table 1. Nutrients in solid manure at the time of state awarding.*
Dry Total matter NHfour +N N P20five K20 Bedding Species or litter (%) -- lb./ton manure-- ---------------------------------------------------- Swine no 18 6 10 9 3 yes eighteen 5 viii 7 vii Beef no xv1 4 11 7 10 no 52ii 7 21 fourteen 23 yep 50 viii 21 18 26 Dairy no eighteen 4 9 four 10 yes 21 v 9 iv x Sheep no 28 5 18 11 26 yes 28 5 14 9 25 Poultry no 45 26 33 48 34 yes 75 36 56 45 34 deep pit 76 44 68 64 45 Turkey no 22 17 27 xx 17 yeah 29 13 20 sixteen xiii Horse yeah 46 4 fourteen 4 xiv ------------------------------------------------- ane Open concrete lot 2 0pen dirt lot ------------------------------------------------
Tabular array 2. Nutrients in liquid manure at the time of land application.*
Dry out Total matter NHiv +Due north Due north P20five Thouii0 Waste product Species handling (%) ---lb./g gal. manure--- -------------------------------------------------- Swine liquid pit 4 26 36 27 22 lagoon1 ane 3 4 two 4 Beef liquid pit 11 24 xl 27 34 lagoon1 ane 2 4 ix 5 Dairy liquid pit 8 12 24 xviii 29 lagoon1 i 2.five four iv 5 Veal dogie liquid pit 3 19 24 25 51 Poultry liquid pit 13 64 80 36 96 ----------------------------------------------- i Includes lot runoff -----------------------------------------------
In improver to laboratory analysis, portable test kits tin can measure out found bachelor manure nitrogen at the time of awarding. These manure test kits give a reasonable approximate of plant available nitrogen in approximately five minutes and can be used as a supplement to the laboratory assay. If you apply manure based on nitrogen, you can use the exam kit results to calculate manure nitrogen application rates. The laboratory analysis can and so be used to determine phosphate and potash credits, too as fine-tune nitrogen credits. Contact your local cooperative Extension office most the availability of manure test kits in your area.
Table 3. Amount of nitrogen mineralized or released from organic nitrogen forms in manure to establish available forms during the growing season.*
Mineralization Manure type Manure handling gene -------------------------------------------- Swine Fresh 0.fifty Anaerobic liquid 0.35 Aerobic liquid 0.xxx Beef Solid without bedding 0.35 Solid with bedding 0.25 Anaerobic liquid 0.30 Aerobic liquid 0.25 Dairy Solid without bedding 0.35 Solid with bedding 0.25 Anaerobic liquid 0.xxx Aerobic liquid 0.25 Sheep Solid 0.25 Poultry Deep pit 0.45 Solid with litter 0.30 Solid without litter 0.35 Equus caballus Solid with bedding 0.20 --------------------------------------------
* Source: MWPS-eighteen (Midwest Planning Service) Livestock Waste matter Facilities Handbook
Interpreting your laboratory analysis
Enter your manure analysis values in the table below. Employ the worksheet to estimate the establish available nitrogen (PAN) in the manure. Manure type is the species and grade (solid or liquid). If you have liquid manure your values should be in lb./1 000 gal. If you have solid manure your values should be in lb./ton. Tables one and two provide boilerplate nutrient values for diverse animal species and manure storage systems. These tables show how storage structure and livestock species can affect the nutrient content of manure, just the table values are non meant as a replacement for your laboratory manure nutrient assay.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Manure Dry Total Ammonium North Type Matter Due north (NH4 +-N) PAN P2O5 1000ii0 % -------------------lb./one thousand gal.or ton------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Phosphorus and Potassium
Practically all of the phosphate (PtwoOfive) and potash (KiiO) applied in manure is available to the ingather the beginning year. Use your PtwoO5 and K2O values from the laboratory manure nutrient analysis for all calculations requiring phosphate and potash.
Nitrogen
1. The amount of nitrogen bachelor the get-go year (or plant available nitrogen, PAN) is a combination of all the ammonium-nitrogen (NH4 +-Due north) plus that portion of the organic nitrogen that will mineralize and get available to the crop during the growing flavor.
To summate PAN, first by subtracting the NHfour +-N value from the Full Nitrogen value as follows.
Formula: Total N - NH4 +-N = Organic N Your values: _____ - _____ Organic N*
ii. The amount of organic nitrogen that will mineralize during the offset year is the organic North calculated in footstep 1 multiplied by a mineralization gene. Refer to Table 3 to obtain the mineralization cistron that matches your livestock operation.
Formula: Organic N (from step 1) x Mineralization Factor = Organic N Available Beginning Twelvemonth Your values: _____ Organic N (lb./k gal. or lb./ton) x _____ = _____ Organic North available first year (lb./1000 gal. or lb./ton) three. Finally, to calculate PAN, add the ammonium-nitrogen (NH4 +-N) obtained in your manure analysis to the organic N available the commencement year, from footstep 2.
Formula: NH4 +-N + Organic Available First Year = PAN (lb. /g gal. or lb./ton) Your values: ______ (lb./1000 gal. or lb./ton) + _____ (lb. /1000 gal. or lb/ton) = ______ PAN (lb./thou gal. or lb./ton) Write your PAN value in the manure analysis table at the top of the page.
* lb./1000 gal. for liquid manure; lb./ton for solid manure
Computing Application Rates
Whether yous want to friction match manure application rates with the nutrient requirements of a certain crop and yield goal or always employ a specific rate of manure, you need to calibrate your spreader. This is a simple procedure requiring a few measurements and calculations. The following instructions apply to the worksheets that follow; you can utilise them to summate application rates for your liquid or solid manure spreader.
Commencement by determining the amount of manure your spreader holds. The owner's manual should provide information on the size or capacity of your spreader. If y'all do not have this data, AY-278 "Estimating Manure Spreader Capacity," explains how to summate the capacity of both liquid and solid manure spreaders. Enter your spreader capacity in the space provided at footstep ane in the appropriate worksheet.
AY-278
Side by side (step 2) estimate the food content of a full manure spreader. If you lot assign a dollar value for each food, yous tin get a crude estimate of the economic value of a spreader load of manure. This data can help decide the distance yous can afford to haul the manure.
In step 3, calculate the bodily manure application rate in tons or thousands of gallons per acre. For this step y'all need to know the width of spread and the distance traveled to empty the spreader.
The final step (pace 4) is to decide the pounds of manure nutrients practical per acre. This is merely the manure food content (from the laboratory analysis table) multiplied by the manure application charge per unit (stride 3). You can make spreader adjustments or modify tractor speed to modify the manure application rate to match crop nutrient needs.
Other Considerations
Obtaining a uniform manure application can be a claiming, especially with solid manure spreaders. Adjusting tractor speed and overlapping the outside edges helps to use solid manure evenly. Incorporating surface applied manure also distributes the manure and minimizes nitrogen volatilization. When injecting manure, proceed the knives clear and unplugged.
The corporeality of PAN (plant bachelor nitrogen) that volition actually be available to your ingather is afflicted by awarding method and timing relative to ingather growth. Uncontrollable environmental factors, like temperature and rainfall, also influence the availability of nitrogen. Nitrogen can be lost by leaching below the crop root zone and as a gas through a procedure chosen denitrification. The uncertain availability of manure nitrogen has led many producers to ignore the potential nutrient credits from manure applications.
Application method or time does non significantly influence phosphorus and potassium availability, making these nutrients bachelor to crops every bit they are practical. Phosphate and potash attach to soil particles and generally motility very lilliputian in soil; yet, these nutrients can be lost with eroded soil in runoff. Preventing soil erosion helps retain all crop nutrients and protect surface h2o quality.
Tabular array 4 lists curt-term nitrogen-loss estimates based on the method of manure awarding. Mostly, the availability of manure nitrogen decreases as the time between manure application and crop nitrogen uptake increases. Most of the potentially available manure nitrogen may be lost from summer or early on fall applications (earlier soil temperature at a depth of four inches drops below 50 F), especially with surface applied manure.
A relatively new production, the pre-sidedress nitrate soil test, can help in determining the need for additional nitrogen fertilizer in fields that have received manure. The test is most useful when manure has been circulate (whether incorporated or not) or in fields with a long history of manure applications. Your local cooperative Extension office has data about the pre-sidedress nitrate exam. Note: manure applications based on nitrogen alone usually outcome in excess phosphorus and potassium In the soil. Test soils regularly to avoid excessive phosphorus and potassium build-up.
Table 4. Nitrogen loss as ammonia inside four days after land awarding.*
Awarding Type of Nitrogen lost method waste (%) -------------------------------------------- Broadcast solid 15-30 liquid 10-25 Broadcast solid 1-5 with immediate liquid i-5 cultivation Knifing liquid 0-ii Sprinkler liquid xv-35 irrigation -------------------------------------------- * Source: MWPS-18 (Midwest Planning Service) Livestock Waste Facilities Handbook
Food awarding rate--Liquid manure
1.Spreader Gene: Liquid manure spreaders must separate spreader chapters by 1000.
Formula: Value from Spreader Capacity AY-278: _____ gallons / k = Liquid Spreader Cistron Your values: Value from Spreader Capacity AY-278: _____ gallons / g = _____ Liquid Spreader Factor 2.Manure Nutrients per Spreader Load:
Formula: Plant Available Manure Nutrients ten Liquid Spreader Gene (listed above) = Nutrients per Spreader Load Your values: (from Laboratory Analysis table) _____ lb. N (PAN) per 1000 gal.x _____ (Liquid Spreader Factor) = _____ lb. PAN per load _____ lb. Ptwo0five per yard gal. ten _____ (Liquid Spreader Factor) = _____ lb. P205 per load _____ lb. Thousand20 per 1000 gal. x _____ (Liquid Spreader Gene) = _____ lb. K2O per load 3. Manure Application Rate:
Formula: Liquid Spreader Factor x 43.560 ft.2/acre = Thousand gal. manure applied / acre --------------------------------------------- Width of Spread (ft.) x Distance Traveled (ft) Your values: x 43,560 ft.2/acre = ______ M gal. manure applied / acre --------------------------------------- ______ width (ft.) x ____ distance (ft.) 4.Manure Nutrient Awarding Rate: The manure nutrient application rate is simply the manure nutrients per 1000 gallons multiplied by the manure application charge per unit from step 3.
Formula: Nutrient lb. per grand gal. x Grand gal applied/acre = Nutrient lb./acre Your values: _____ N (PAN) lb. per m gal. x _____ thousand gal. applied / acre = _____ lb. / acre ----- P2O5 lb. per chiliad gal. x _____ thousand gal. applied / acre = _____ lb. / acre _____ M2O lb. per 1000 gal. x _____ thousand gal. applied / acre = _____ lb. / acre Food application rate--Solid manure
1.Spreader Capacity:
Your value (from owner'southward transmission or Spreader Capacity AY-278): _________ tons of manure 2.Manure Nutrients per Spreader Load:
Formula: Plant Available Manure Nutrients ten Spreader Capacity = Nutrients per Spreader Load Your values: (from Laboratory Analysis table, page 3) _____ lb. N (PAN) per ton 10 _____ tons = _____ lb. PAN per load _____ lb. P2O5 per ton ten _____ tons = _____ lb. P2O5 per load _____ lb. ThousandtwoO per ton x _____ tons = _____ lb. Yard2O per load 3.Manure Application Charge per unit:
Formula: Spreader Chapters (tons) ten 43,560 ft.2/acre = Tons manure applied/acre ---------------------------------------------- Width of Spread (ft.) x Distance Traveled (ft.) Your values: tons x 43.560 ft.2 /acre = ______ Tons manure applied / acre --------------------------------- ____ width (ft.) x ____ altitude (ft.) four.Manure Nutrient Application Charge per unit: The manure nutrient application rate is just the manure nutrients per spreader load multiplied by the manure application rate from pace 3.
Formula: Nutrient lb. per ton x ____ Tons applied / acre = ______ Nutrient lb. / acre Your values: _____ N (PAN) lb. per ton 10 _____ tons applied / acre = ______ lb. / acre _____ P2O5 lb. per ton x _____ tons practical / acre = ______ lb. / acre ----- M20 lb. per ton x _____ tons applied / acre = ______ lb. / acre New 8/93
Editor: Cheri Janssen, Section of Agronomy
Cooperative Extension work in Agriculture and Home Economics, state of Indiana, Purdue Academy, and U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating; H.A. Wadsworth, Director, West Lafayette, IN. Issued in furtherance of the acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914. The Cooperative Extension Service of Purdue University is an affirmative action/equal opportunity institution.
Source: https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/ay/ay-277.html
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